The South African budget process is a meticulous and continuous cycle that ensures government spending aligns with the country's policy goals and objectives. This process begins with the Budget Speech and culminates in parliamentary ratification, involving several critical steps along the way.

The Budget Speech

The journey starts with the Budget Speech, delivered by the Minister of Finance to the National Assembly. This speech outlines the allocation of financial resources to the national government's priorities, as articulated by the President in the State of the Nation Address (SONA). The Budget Speech provides an update on the state of the economy, public finances, and progress on government objectives. It also details how the Treasury intends to fund commitments made in the SONA for the financial year.

Parliamentary Scrutiny and Approval (March - May)

Following the Budget Speech, Parliament, through its committees, scrutinizes the allocation of funds to ensure they meet the priorities identified in the SONA. This scrutiny is an ongoing process, empowered by the Money Bills Amendment Procedure and Related Matters Act (Act 9 of 2009), which allows Parliament to amend the fiscal framework, appropriations, and division of revenue.

The fiscal framework sets out overall estimates of revenue collection, expenditure, borrowing, interest, and debt servicing. It provides a roadmap for the government's specific proposals about the Division of Revenue Bill, which allocates funds to the national, provincial, and local spheres of government. It also motivates the Appropriation Bill, which allocates funds to different government departments and state entities.

Committee Deliberations and Reports (April - June)

Various entities present their motivations to Parliament, explaining why the allocated funds are necessary. Parliamentary committees then deliberate on these proposed allocations and present reports to the National Assembly for approval. These deliberations occur in separate sittings known as budget votes, focusing on specific departments and their entities.

Final Approval and Implementation (June - July)

Once the National Assembly approves the Division of Revenue Bill, it considers the Appropriation Bill and votes on each departmental allocation. After these approvals, the budget is ratified, and the allocated funds can be implemented as planned.

Continuous Oversight (Ongoing)

Parliament's responsibility does not end with the approval of the budget. It continues to oversee government spending to ensure it remains aligned with South Africa's policy goals and objectives. This ongoing oversight is crucial for good governance and accountability.

In conclusion, the South African budget process is a comprehensive and continuous cycle that ensures government spending is effectively managed and aligned with national priorities. From the Budget Speech to parliamentary ratification, each step is designed to promote transparency, accountability, and good governance.